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DMEM, or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium is a widely used modification to Harry Eagle’s Minimal Essential Media (MEM). It contains four times the amount of vitamins and amino acids, increased glucose, and additional supplements such as iron. The original recipe includes 1000 mg/L of glucose, but different varieties now exist containing up to 4500 mg/L. Depending on the application, amounts of other components may also differ, such as sodium pyruvate, sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine, HEPES, and phenol red. When sodium bicarbonate used as buffer system (3.7g/L), it requires a 5 to 10% CO₂ environment to maintain physiological pH. First developed to grow mouse embryonic cells, DMEM is now extensively used in culturing a wide variety of mammalian cell types and cell lines. DMEM media is suitable for most types of cells, including human, monkey, hamster, rat, mouse, chicken and fish cells. Cells successfully cultured in DMEM include primary fibroblasts, neurons, glial cells, HUVECs, and smooth muscle cells.